Saudi Arabia
Portrait
- Population33.3M2023
- Population density15.72023
- Median age29.2 yrs2023
- Life expectancy78.7 yrs2023
- Fertility rate2.282023
- GDP per person$63,0512025
- Unemployment3.0%2025
position among the countries reporting — lower higher
Broadband access: 44.1 in 2024; twelve years earlier it was 9.4.
See the figure and its source →Fuel exports — 68.7 percentage points higher than the world's: 79.4% vs 10.7%, 2024.
See the figure and its source →Tertiary enrollment — 40.3 percentage points higher than the world's: 83.9% vs 43.6%, 2024.
See the figure and its source →Agricultural land — 43.8 percentage points higher than the world's: 80.8% vs 36.9%, 2023.
See the figure and its source →CO₂ per person — 330% higher than the world's: 20.4 vs 4.7, 2024.
See the figure and its source →Neonatal mortality — 83% lower than the world's: 2.9 vs 17.2, 2024.
See the figure and its source →Composed automatically from the sourced figures on this page.
Foreign patent applications: 2.6K in 2021; eight years earlier it was 440.
2.6K2021+486% · 2013→2021
See the figure and its source →Water stress: 974.2% in 2022; ten years earlier it was 900.1%.
974.2%2022+74.1 pts · 2012→2022
See the figure and its source →Net migration: 119.7K in 2025; thirteen years earlier it was 479.2K.
119.7K2025−75% · 2012→2025
See the figure and its source →Composed automatically from the sourced figures on this page.
30 of 36 figures
Electoral democracy: 0.02 in 2025 — the 1st-lowest of the 174 countries reporting, against a world median of 0.50. Composed automatically from the sourced figures on this page.
position among the countries reporting — lower higher
| Figure | Value | Year | World rank | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex ratio at birthBoys born per 100 girls. Biology keeps this near 105 everywhere; persistent big deviations signal sex-selective practices. | 105.1 | 2024 | World Bank / UN | |
| Homicide rateIntentional killings per 100,000 people per year — the most internationally comparable crime statistic (UNODC). | 0.94 | 2019 | UNODC | |
| Road deathsDeaths from road traffic incidents per 100,000 people — drivers, passengers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians combined (WHO). | 35.9 | 2019 | WHO (UN SDG 3.6.1) | |
| Prison populationPeople held in prison per 100,000 population, including pre-trial and remand detainees (World Prison Brief). | 140.0 | 2019 | ICPR World Prison Brief | |
| Corruption perceptions |
A Nomor course on Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia from the House of Saud's eighteenth-century alliance with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab to oil wealth, American security ties, regional rivalry, and the transformation drive of Mohammed bin Salman.
52 of 54 figures
Suicide rate — 81% lower than the world's: 1.6 vs 8.8, 2021. Composed automatically from the sourced figures on this page.
position among the countries reporting — lower higher
| Figure | Value | Year | World rank | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy diet costWhat the cheapest possible day of healthy eating costs locally, following official dietary guidelines — a nutrition-based cost-of-living measure (FAO / World Bank). | $3.02 | 2024 | FAO / World Bank | |
| Hospital bedsBeds per 1,000 people | 2.4 | 2023 | WHO via World Bank | |
| Alcohol consumptionLitres of pure alcohol the average person aged 15+ drinks per year. 10 litres is roughly 80 bottles of wine. | 0.0 | 2020 | WHO GHO | |
| Tobacco useShare of adults (15+) who currently use any tobacco product — smoked, chewed or snuffed; e-cigarettes excluded. | 14.7% | 2022 | WHO GHO | |
| ObesityShare of adults with a body-mass index above 30. BMI is weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. |
59 of 64 figures
Manufactured exports — 53.4 percentage points lower than the world's: 15.9% vs 69.3%, 2024. Composed automatically from the sourced figures on this page.
position among the countries reporting — lower higher
| Figure | Value | Year | World rank | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corporate taxThe statutory rate companies pay on their profits, combining central and local government levies. | 0.0% | 2018 | OECD Corporate Tax Statistics | |
| Work hours per yearTotal hours the average employed person works per year, part-timers included. Long vacations and shorter weeks pull it down. | 2,125 h | 2023 | Penn World Table | |
| Tourist arrivalsOvernight visitors arriving from abroad per year. Each trip counts separately, so one frequent traveller can register several arrivals (UN Tourism). | 29.7M | 2024 | UN Tourism | |
| Military spendingAll military spending — personnel, operations, procurement, military R&D — as a share of GDP (SIPRI definition). | 6.5% | 2025 | SIPRI | |
36 of 38 figures
Energy import dependency — 192.8 percentage points lower than the world's: -178.2% vs 14.6%, 2022 vs 2023. Composed automatically from the sourced figures on this page.
position among the countries reporting — lower higher
| Figure | Value | Year | World rank | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renewable energyShare of primary energy from hydro, wind, solar, geothermal and other renewables (substitution method). | 0.7% | 2024 | Energy Institute | |
| Electricity accessShare of people with at least basic electricity — enough for lighting and charging a phone ~4 hours a day. | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank | |
| Clean cooking accessShare of the population whose main cooking fuel is clean (gas, electricity, biogas) rather than smoky solid fuels or kerosene, which drive indoor air pollution (WHO Household Energy Database). | 100.0% | 2024 | WHO Household Energy Database | |
| Natural disaster deathsDeaths from earthquakes, floods, storms, droughts and other natural disasters per 100,000 people per year, smoothed to reduce the swings a single catastrophic event can cause (EM-DAT). | 0.00 | 2021 |
Province-level figures are not on Nomor yet.
These 12 figures are in Nomor's catalogue and have no data pipeline behind them for any country on Earth, so they are excluded from every count on this page.
Income tax brackets · Sales / VAT rate · Tax on gas · Property tax · Minimum wage · Average home price · Average rent · Average school cost · Electricity price · Social benefits · Education cost · Electricity mix
These exist for other countries; the publishing bodies do not cover Saudi Arabia, or Saudi Arabia has not reported them.
Income inequality · Extreme poverty · Median income · Remittance cost · Multidimensional poverty · Homicides by firearm · Voter turnout · Income share, richest 10% · Income share, poorest 10% · Prison overcrowding · Women in senior management · Low birthweight · Food insecurity · Electric car sales · Safely managed water
We do not store them.
the capital city · official languages · the currency · land area · neighbouring countries
Nomor shows the latest year each source publishes, and compares countries only within the same year window.
Grouped by the exact source string each dataset ships with, so a publisher may appear under more than one name.
Figures on this page were built from Nomor’s data snapshot of 2026-08-01.
| 59.0 |
| 2024 |
| Transparency International |
| Life satisfactionAverage answer to: "Where does your life stand on a ladder from 0 (worst possible) to 10 (best possible)?" — Gallup World Poll via the World Happiness Report. | 6.82 | 2025 | World Happiness Report |
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| Press freedomReporters Without Borders' assessment of press freedom from expert surveys and a count of abuses against journalists. On this pre-2022 scale a LOWER score means MORE freedom (0 ≈ best). It measures conditions for journalism, not press quality. | 62.7 | 2021 | Reporters Without Borders (RSF) |
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| Women in parliamentShare of seats in the lower (or only) chamber of the national legislature held by women, as reported to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. | 19.9% | 2025 | V-Dem via Our World in Data |
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| Adolescent fertilityBirths per 1,000 women aged 15–19 per year — a standard indicator of adolescent reproductive health and, indirectly, of girls’ access to education and family planning. | 11.1 | 2024 | UN WPP via World Bank |
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| Age at first marriageThe average age at which women who marry before age 50 first marry (the 'singulate mean age at marriage', calculated from marital-status data by age). It rises as education and economic independence for women increase. | 26.6 yrs | 2017 | UN DESA Population Division via World Bank |
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| Electoral democracyV-Dem's central estimate of how far political leaders are chosen through comprehensive suffrage in free and fair elections, with the freedoms of association and expression that make real electoral choice possible — scored 0 (least) to 1 (most). | 0.02 | 2025 | V-Dem via Our World in Data |
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| Human rights indexV-Dem's central estimate of how free people are from government torture, political killings and forced labor, and how far they enjoy property rights and the freedoms of movement, religion, expression and association — scored 0 (least) to 1 (most). Broader than the electoral democracy index above, which focuses specifically on elections and associational freedom. | 0.18 | 2025 | V-Dem via Our World in Data |
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| Population growthHow much a country's population changed over the last year, as a percentage — the net result of births, deaths and migration combined. Negative values mean the population shrank. | 4.6% | 2025 | World Bank / UN WPP |
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| Age dependency ratioThe number of people too young (under 15) or too old (over 64) to typically work, per 100 people of working age (15–64). A rising ratio means more dependents per working-age person, whether from a young, growing population or an aging one. | 36.4% | 2025 | World Bank / UN |
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| Government effectivenessOne of the World Bank's six Worldwide Governance Indicators: perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and how independent it is from political pressure, and the credibility of the government's own policy commitments. Scored 0–100. Distinct from the corruption-perceptions score above, which asks specifically about bribery and misuse of public office rather than administrative competence. | 66.6 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank |
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| Rule of lawOne of the World Bank's six Worldwide Governance Indicators: perceptions of confidence in and abidance by the rules of society — contract enforcement, property rights, the police and the courts, and the likelihood of crime and violence. Scored 0–100. A broader institutional-quality measure than the homicide rate above, which counts one specific outcome rather than confidence in the system overall. | 60.6 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank |
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| Political stabilityOne of the World Bank's six Worldwide Governance Indicators: perceptions of the likelihood that a government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically motivated violence and terrorism. Scored 0–100. | 65.1 | 2024 | Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank |
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| Birth rateLive births per 1,000 people in the population per year. Unlike the fertility rate above (children per woman, independent of age structure), the crude birth rate is pulled up or down by how many women of childbearing age a population actually has — a young population can show a high birth rate even at a moderate fertility rate (World Bank / UN). | 16.5 | 2024 | World Bank / UN |
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| Death rateDeaths per 1,000 people in the population per year. Unlike life expectancy above (a hypothetical, age-standardized measure), the crude death rate reflects a population's actual age structure — an older population can show a higher death rate even where people are living longer than ever, simply because more of it has reached old age (World Bank / UN). | 2.3 | 2024 | World Bank / UN |
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| Women in cabinetShare of ministerial or equivalent government positions (including deputy prime ministers) held by women — the executive-branch counterpart to the women-in-parliament figure above, which counts the legislature. The two can diverge: a country can appoint many women to cabinet while electing few to its legislature, or the other way around (Inter-Parliamentary Union & UN Women, Women in Politics). | 0.0% | 2025 | IPU & UN Women via World Bank |
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| International migrantsShare of a country's population, at mid-year, who were born in a country other than the one they live in (including refugees) — a snapshot of the accumulated stock of migrants living there today. Distinct from the net-migration figure above, which measures the recent flow (arrivals minus departures over the latest 5-year window) rather than the total stock built up over decades (UN DESA Population Division via World Bank). | 40.3% | 2024 | UN DESA Population Division via World Bank |
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| Bribery incidenceShare of firms surveyed that reported experiencing at least one bribe payment request in the past year, from World Bank Enterprise Surveys of business owners and managers. A concrete, behavior-based complement to the corruption-perceptions score elsewhere on this page — that one asks experts and the public for a general impression of corruption, this one asks businesses about a specific recent experience (World Bank Enterprise Surveys). | 9.5% | 2025 | World Bank Enterprise Surveys |
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| Urban primacyThe share of a country's urban population concentrated in its single largest city — a concentration measure, distinct from the city-dwellers figure elsewhere on this page, which only measures what fraction of the whole population is urban at all, not how that urban population is spread across cities. A country can be highly urbanized yet spread across many mid-size cities, or only moderately urbanized yet dominated by one megacity (UN World Urbanization Prospects via World Bank). | 25.4% | 2025 | UN World Urbanization Prospects via World Bank |
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| 39.2% |
| 2024 |
| WHO GHO |
| Suicide rateDeaths from self-harm per 100,000 people, age-standardized for cross-country comparison. From the WHO Global Health Observatory; a public-health indicator, shown for context alongside the other health metrics. | 1.6 | 2021 | WHO Global Health Observatory |
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| Years of schoolingAverage years of formal education completed by people aged 15–64. | 9.9 | 2020 | Barro–Lee |
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| Maternal mortalityThe estimated number of women who die from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes per 100,000 live births (WHO / UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group). | 16.2 | 2020 | WHO / UN MMEIG |
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| Child mortalityShare of children who die before their fifth birthday, out of all live births — one of the most closely watched child-health indicators (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation). | 0.6% | 2024 | UN IGME |
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| Skilled birth attendanceShare of births attended by a doctor, nurse or trained midwife able to manage normal deliveries and recognize complications — a standard measure of access to basic maternal care during childbirth, distinct from the maternal-mortality outcome figure elsewhere on this page, which counts deaths rather than access to care (UNICEF / WHO via World Bank). | 94.8% | 2019 | UNICEF / WHO via World Bank |
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| Measles vaccinationShare of one-year-olds who have received the first dose of the measles vaccine — a standard marker of routine childhood immunization coverage (WHO/UNICEF). | 96.0% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF (WUENIC) |
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| UndernourishmentShare of the population whose habitual food intake doesn't provide enough dietary energy for an active, healthy life (FAO, UN SDG indicator 2.1.1). | 2.5% | 2023 | FAO (SDG 2.1.1) |
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| Out-of-pocket health costsShare of a country's total health spending that patients pay directly out of pocket, rather than through insurance or government programs — higher shares mean more financial risk for the sick. | 14.1% | 2023 | WHO via World Bank |
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| HIV prevalenceShare of adults aged 15–49 living with HIV, from UNAIDS epidemiological estimates. | 0.1% | 2024 | UNAIDS via World Bank |
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| Nurses & midwivesNurses and midwives per 1,000 people — a core measure of a health system’s frontline staffing (WHO). | 6.56 | 2023 | WHO via World Bank |
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| Children out of schoolPrimary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school, as a share of that age group (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). | 0.5% | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Tertiary enrollmentTotal enrollment in college or university, regardless of age, as a share of the population in the five years following secondary-school graduation — a "gross" ratio, so it can exceed 100%. | 83.9% | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Anemia in womenShare of women aged 15–49 whose hemoglobin level falls below the healthy threshold (12 g/dL for non-pregnant women, 11 g/dL for pregnant women) — a marker of iron deficiency and nutritional health. | 17.6% | 2023 | WHO via World Bank |
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| Tuberculosis incidenceEstimated new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a year, per 100,000 people, including cases in people living with HIV (WHO Global Tuberculosis Report). | 8.4 | 2024 | WHO Global TB Report via World Bank |
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| Child stuntingShare of children under 5 whose height for their age falls more than 2 standard deviations below the international reference median — a marker of chronic undernutrition in early childhood. | 10.8% | 2020 | WHO Global Health Observatory via Our World in Data |
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| Pupil–teacher ratioThe average number of pupils per teacher in primary school. A lower ratio generally means more individual attention per student, though it says nothing about teacher quality. | 13.8 | 2018 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Trained teachers, primaryShare of primary-school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required to teach at that level. A teacher-quality companion to the pupil-teacher ratio elsewhere on this page, which only measures class size — a country can show a favorable ratio with many untrained teachers, or the reverse (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank). | 100.0% | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Trained teachers, secondaryShare of secondary-school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training required to teach at that level — the secondary-school counterpart to the primary-level figure above. The two can diverge: some countries train primary teachers far more consistently than secondary subject specialists, or the reverse (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank). | 100.0% | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Malaria incidenceNew and relapse malaria cases in a year per 1,000 people living in areas at risk of transmission — zero or near-zero across most countries outside the tropics, where malaria is not endemic (WHO). | 0.0 | 2024 | WHO via World Bank |
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| DTP3 immunizationShare of one-year-olds who have received all three recommended doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine — a standard benchmark of routine childhood immunization coverage (WHO/UNICEF). | 97.0% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF via World Bank |
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| Government health spendingGovernment spending on health — public insurance schemes, government hospitals, subsidies — as a share of GDP. Distinct from total health spending (public plus private/out-of-pocket), which is not shown separately on this page (WHO Global Health Expenditure Database). | 4.4% | 2023 | WHO via World Bank |
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| Primary enrollmentTotal primary-school enrollment, regardless of age, as a share of the population that is officially primary-school age — a 'gross' ratio, so it can exceed 100% where older or younger students are enrolled (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). | 104.0% | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Calorie supplyThe daily food supply available per person, in kilocalories — how much food reaches households and markets, not necessarily how much is eaten (some is wasted). A rough companion to the undernourishment share above: supply well above requirement doesn't rule out unequal access within a country (FAO). | 3.7K | 2023 | FAO via Our World in Data |
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| Neonatal mortalityDeaths in the first 28 days of life, per 1,000 live births — the highest-risk slice of the infant mortality window above, when complications from birth, prematurity and infection are most dangerous (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation). | 2.9 | 2024 | UN IGME via World Bank |
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| Pre-primary enrollmentTotal enrollment in early-childhood or pre-primary education, regardless of age, as a share of the population that is officially pre-primary age — a 'gross' ratio, so it can exceed 100% where older or younger children are enrolled (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). | 18.3% | 2021 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Youth literacyShare of 15-24-year-olds who can read and write a simple sentence about everyday life. Because this age group finished school recently, it moves faster than the whole-adult literacy rate above and previews where that rate is headed (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). | 99.9% | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Diabetes prevalenceShare of adults aged 20–79 estimated to have diabetes (type 1 or type 2), from national surveys and studies compiled into a single comparable estimate (International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas). | 23.1% | 2024 | International Diabetes Federation via World Bank |
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| Meat supplyThe quantity of meat — all types combined — available for consumption per person per year, in kilograms. Like the calorie-supply figure above, this measures what reaches markets and households, not necessarily what gets eaten; some is wasted (FAO Food Balance Sheets). | 58.1 | 2023 | FAO via Our World in Data |
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| Child wastingShare of children under 5 whose weight for their height is more than 2 standard deviations below the international reference median — acute malnutrition, typically from a recent illness or sudden food shortage. Distinct from the child stunting figure above, which reflects chronic, longer-term undernutrition (UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Malnutrition Estimates). | 3.9% | 2020 | UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Malnutrition Estimates |
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| Polio immunizationShare of one-year-olds who have received the full three-dose course of polio vaccine. A companion to the measles and DTP3 immunization figures above — together the three are the standard benchmarks of a country's routine childhood immunization program (WHO/UNICEF). | 97.0% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF via World Bank |
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| Contraceptive useShare of married women aged 15–49 who — or whose partner — are using any method of contraception, modern or traditional. A standard measure of access to family planning, compiled from household surveys by the UN Population Division. | 40.0% | 2023 | UN Population Division via World Bank |
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| Deaths from infectious diseaseShare of all deaths, at all ages, from infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, and maternal, prenatal or nutritional conditions combined. Together with the non-communicable share below, this shows a country's overall cause-of-death profile — the 'epidemiological transition' from infectious to chronic disease that tends to accompany development (WHO Global Health Estimates). | 16.5% | 2021 | WHO Global Health Estimates via World Bank |
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| Deaths from chronic diseaseShare of all deaths, at all ages, from cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other non-communicable conditions combined. The complement of the communicable-disease share above; together with deaths from injury (not broken out separately here), the causes of death sum to roughly 100% (WHO Global Health Estimates). | 67.6% | 2021 | WHO Global Health Estimates via World Bank |
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| Survival to 65 (women)The share of a cohort of newborn girls that would survive to age 65 if they experienced today's age-specific death rates for their whole life. Unlike life expectancy above (an average number of years), this is a single probability; unlike child mortality above, it captures survival across the whole adult lifespan rather than just early childhood (World Bank / UN World Population Prospects). | 90.3% | 2024 | World Bank / UN World Population Prospects |
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| Survival to 65 (men)The male counterpart to the female survival-to-65 figure above. The gap between the two is one of the most consistent patterns in global health — men have a higher death rate than women at almost every adult age, in almost every country (World Bank / UN World Population Prospects). | 85.8% | 2024 | World Bank / UN World Population Prospects |
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| Hepatitis B immunizationShare of one-year-olds who have received the full three-dose course of hepatitis B vaccine. A fourth companion to the measles, DTP3 and polio immunization figures elsewhere on this page — hepatitis B guards against a different disease (a liver infection that can become chronic) than any of the other three (WHO/UNICEF). | 97.0% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF via World Bank |
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| Primary school gender parityThe ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school (gross enrollment). A value of 1.00 means equal enrollment; below 1 means fewer girls than boys are enrolled, above 1 means more girls than boys. Most countries sit close to parity at the primary level, which is part of why the secondary-level figure below is often the more revealing one (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank). | 1.01 | 2021 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| Secondary school gender parityThe ratio of girls to boys enrolled in secondary school (gross enrollment). Some countries hold parity at the primary level above but see it widen or reverse at secondary — from early marriage, safety concerns, or the opportunity cost of girls' labor at home — so the two figures together show whether a gender gap opens up as children get older (UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank). | 0.96 | 2021 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| PISA maths scoreThe OECD's PISA test measures what 15-year-old students can actually do with mathematics — applying it to unfamiliar, real-world problems rather than reciting curriculum. Scores sit on a scale set so that the OECD average is around 500, and roughly 20 points is about a school year's worth of progress. OWID publishes the result split by sex with no combined figure, so this card shows each group's mean and their average. Only countries that choose to take part appear (~85), and there is no world average — an absent country usually means it does not sit the test, not that it scored badly (OECD PISA via Our World in Data). | 389 | 2022 | OECD PISA via Our World in Data |
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| PISA reading scoreThe reading half of the OECD's PISA test: whether 15-year-olds can locate, understand and evaluate written information, not whether they can decode words. Same scale as the maths score above (OECD average around 500, roughly 20 points to a school year). Published split by sex with no combined figure, so this card shows each group's mean and their average — the reading gap in favour of girls is one of the most consistent findings across every PISA round. Participation-limited coverage (~85 countries, no world average) (OECD PISA via Our World in Data). | 382 | 2022 | OECD PISA via Our World in Data |
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| R&D spendingPublic and private spending on basic research, applied research and experimental development, as a share of GDP. |
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| 0.6% |
| 2024 |
| UNESCO via World Bank |
| ExportsGoods & services, share of GDP | 29.7% | 2025 | World Bank national accounts |
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| Women in the workforceFemale labour-force participation (15+) | 33.6% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| Mobile subscriptionsPer 100 people | 159.5 | 2024 | ITU via World Bank |
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| Broadband accessFixed broadband internet connections (cable, fibre, DSL) per 100 people — mobile-only connections are not counted (ITU). | 44.1 | 2024 | ITU via Our World in Data |
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| Youth not in work or schoolShare of 15–24 year-olds who are neither in school, in training, nor working — a measure of disconnection from both education and the labor market (ILO, SDG 8.6.1). | 17.0% | 2023 | ILO (SDG 8.6.1) via Our World in Data |
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| Youth unemploymentShare of the youth labor force (ages 15–24) that wants work, is available, and is actively looking — but does not have a job. | 10.0% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| Savings rateThe share of a country's GDP that is saved rather than consumed — gross national income minus total consumption, plus net transfers. | 28.9% | 2025 | World Bank national accounts |
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| Private-sector creditLoans, trade credit and other credit extended to private businesses and households by banks and other financial institutions, as a share of GDP — a common proxy for financial-sector depth. | 50.1% | 2017 | World Bank / IMF Financial Statistics |
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| High-tech exportsShare of manufactured exports in high-technology products — aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments and electrical machinery. | 0.5% | 2024 | World Bank / UN Comtrade |
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| Vulnerable employmentShare of workers who are self-employed without paid staff or working unpaid for family — jobs that typically lack formal work arrangements, benefits or job security (ILO). | 1.7% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| Current account balanceThe balance of a country's trade in goods and services plus income and transfers with the rest of the world, as a share of GDP. A negative number (deficit) means the country is a net borrower from abroad that year; positive (surplus) means it's a net lender. | -2.6% | 2025 | IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank |
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| Remittances receivedMoney sent home by people working abroad — personal transfers plus compensation of short-term foreign workers — as a share of the receiving country's GDP. For some lower-income countries this exceeds foreign aid or investment. | 0.0% | 2025 | World Bank / IMF |
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| Investment rateSpending on fixed assets (machinery, buildings, infrastructure), inventories and valuables, as a share of GDP — a standard proxy for how much of an economy's output is being reinvested rather than consumed. | 31.6% | 2025 | World Bank national accounts |
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| Foreign direct investmentNet inflows of investment from abroad to acquire a lasting stake (10%+ of voting stock) in local businesses, as a share of GDP — new investment minus disinvestment. | 2.6% | 2025 | IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank |
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| Trade opennessThe sum of a country's exports and imports of goods and services, as a share of GDP — a standard measure of how exposed an economy is to international trade. Values can exceed 100% for small economies built around trade or re-export hubs (e.g. Singapore, Luxembourg). | 57.9% | 2025 | World Bank & OECD via Our World in Data |
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| Agriculture share of GDPThe contribution of farming, forestry and fishing to a country's economic output, as a share of GDP — a classic indicator of how much an economy still depends on primary-sector production versus industry and services. | 2.6% | 2025 | World Bank national accounts |
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| Employment in agricultureShare of all employed people who work in agriculture, forestry or fishing. A labor-market complement to the GDP share above: a country can show a small GDP share but a much larger employment share where farming is low-productivity but still widely practiced (ILO modeled estimate). | 2.5% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| Financial account ownershipShare of adults (15+) who have an account at a bank or other formal financial institution, or use a mobile-money service — the standard measure of "financial inclusion": access to save, borrow and receive payments outside cash (World Bank Global Findex Database). | 78.8% | 2024 | World Bank Global Findex via Our World in Data |
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| Researchers in R&DThe number of people (converted to full-time equivalents) working directly on research and development, per million population — a headcount complement to the R&D spending figure above, since a country can spend heavily on equipment and infrastructure with relatively few researchers, or vice versa. | 1.2K | 2024 | UNESCO UIS via World Bank |
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| ICT service exportsExports of computer, information and telecommunications services, as a share of a country's total service exports (as distinct from goods) — a look at trade composition through services rather than the manufactured high-tech goods measured above. | 3.6% | 2025 | IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank |
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| Fuel exportsFuel and mineral-fuel products (oil, gas, coal), as a share of a country's total merchandise (goods) exports. A high share marks an economy whose export earnings are concentrated in energy commodities, exposed to global fuel-price swings in a way a diversified exporter isn't (UN Comtrade / World Integrated Trade Solution via World Bank). | 79.4% | 2024 | UN Comtrade / WITS via World Bank |
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| Manufactured exportsManufactured goods, as a share of a country's total merchandise (goods) exports. The complement side of the trade-composition picture from the fuel-exports figure above: economies with a high manufactures share typically sell finished or processed goods rather than raw commodities (UN Comtrade / World Integrated Trade Solution via World Bank). | 15.9% | 2024 | UN Comtrade / WITS via World Bank |
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| Foreign currency reservesReserve assets — foreign currency, gold and IMF reserve positions — that a country's central bank holds and can draw on to meet balance-of-payments needs or to intervene in currency markets. Reported in current US dollars, so bigger economies naturally carry bigger totals (IMF International Financial Statistics via World Bank). | $505.2B | 2025 | IMF International Financial Statistics via World Bank |
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| Government consumption spendingGovernment spending on goods and services for current use — public salaries, defense, day-to-day operations — as a share of GDP. A spending-side companion to the tax burden figure above: one measures what the state collects, this measures the ongoing running costs it pays out (excludes one-off capital investment like roads or buildings) (World Bank national accounts). | 20.6% | 2025 | World Bank national accounts |
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| Patent applicationsThe number of patent applications filed by residents of a country in a year, either with a national patent office or through the international Patent Cooperation Treaty. A raw count, so larger and more industrialized economies naturally file more — the researchers-per-million figure above measures the size of the R&D workforce behind this output, not the output itself (WIPO Patent Report). | 1.4K | 2021 | WIPO Patent Report via World Bank |
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| Bank branchesThe number of physical retail branches of commercial banks per 100,000 adults — a measure of in-person banking infrastructure, distinct from the account-ownership figure above (who has access to an account, not how many physical locations serve them) and from the ATM count below (self-service machines rather than staffed branches) (IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank). | 7.2 | 2024 | IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank |
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| ATMsThe number of automated teller machines per 100,000 adults — the self-service counterpart to the bank-branch count above. Some countries with relatively few physical branches still show wide ATM coverage, and vice versa, since the two channels get built out independently (IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank). | 56.1 | 2024 | IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank |
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| Natural resource rentsThe combined value of oil, natural gas, coal, mineral and forest rents — the gap between what these resources sell for and the cost of extracting them — as a share of GDP. A rough gauge of how dependent an economy is on extracting and selling natural resources rather than other forms of production; oil- and mineral-rich economies can show double-digit shares while resource-poor economies show close to zero (World Bank, The Changing Wealth of Nations). | 25.6% | 2021 | World Bank (Changing Wealth of Nations) |
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| Bank depositorsThe number of depositors — deposit account holders, including both households and resident businesses — at commercial banks, per 1,000 adults. An administrative-data count of actual bank usage, distinct from the survey-based financial-account-ownership figure elsewhere on this page (which asks people directly) and from the branch/ATM counts (physical infrastructure rather than who uses it). Can exceed 1,000 because businesses count too and holders are reported per institution (IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank). | 1,834 | 2024 | IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank |
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| Bank borrowersThe number of borrowers — resident customers with outstanding loans from commercial banks — per 1,000 adults, the credit-access counterpart to the bank-depositors figure above. Consistently lower than the depositor count in almost every country: far more people save through a bank than borrow from one (IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank). | 234.7 | 2024 | IMF Financial Access Survey via World Bank |
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| Employment-to-population ratioShare of the population aged 15 and over that is currently employed. Distinct from the unemployment rate above, which is a share of the labor force (people employed or actively looking for work) rather than of the whole population — a country can show low unemployment but also a low employment ratio if many working-age people are outside the labor force altogether, whether in school, caring for family, or discouraged from looking (ILO Modelled Estimates via World Bank). | 63.1% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| Air passengers carriedThe total number of passengers airlines registered in a country carried in a year, domestic and international flights combined — a raw count, so larger economies and aviation hubs naturally show bigger numbers regardless of the underlying travel rate per person (ICAO Civil Aviation Statistics of the World via World Bank). | 48M | 2023 | ICAO via World Bank |
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| Container port trafficThe volume of containerized cargo moving through a country's ports in a year, measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) — a standard shipping-industry unit. A raw count that reflects both trade volume and a country's role as a transshipment hub: small countries with major ports (e.g. Singapore, the Netherlands) can show outsized numbers relative to their own economy (UNCTAD via World Bank). | 8M | 2024 | UNCTAD via World Bank |
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| Rail network lengthThe total length of railway route open to traffic, in kilometers — the physical scale of a country's rail network. Many small or geographically difficult countries show no data here at all, not because of a reporting gap but because they never built a national rail network (International Union of Railways, UIC Railisa Database, via World Bank). | 2.9K | 2018 | International Union of Railways (UIC) via World Bank |
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| Tourism receiptsMoney spent in a country by international visitors — accommodation, food, transport, shopping and more — in a year, in current US dollars. A dollar-value companion to the tourist-arrivals figure above: two countries can draw similar visitor numbers yet earn very different amounts depending on how long visitors stay and how much they spend (UN Tourism via World Bank). | $6B | 2020 | UN Tourism via World Bank |
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| Tourism expenditure abroadMoney a country's own residents spend traveling abroad in a year, in current US dollars — the opposite direction from the tourism-receipts figure above, which counts money incoming visitors spend locally. A country can be a net tourism earner (receipts exceed this figure) or a net tourism spender, depending on how outbound and inbound travel compare (UN Tourism via World Bank). | $9.1B | 2020 | UN Tourism via World Bank |
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| Foreign patent applicationsThe number of patent applications filed in a country by non-residents (foreign applicants) in a year — the flip side of the resident patent-applications figure above. A country that attracts many foreign filings relative to its own resident filings is acting as an 'innovation magnet' — a market worth protecting an invention in — rather than necessarily being where the invention was made (WIPO Patent Report via World Bank). | 2.6K | 2021 | WIPO Patent Report via World Bank |
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| IP royalty receiptsMoney a country earns per year from letting others use its patents, trademarks, copyrighted works, franchises and similar intellectual property, in current US dollars — a measure of how much intellectual property a country's economy has that other countries want to license, distinct from the high-tech goods and ICT services measured elsewhere on this page (IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank). | $225.9M | 2025 | IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank |
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| IP royalty paymentsMoney a country pays per year to use other countries' patents, trademarks, copyrighted works, franchises and similar intellectual property, in current US dollars — the mirror figure to the IP royalty receipts above. Comparing the two shows whether a country is, on net, more of an IP creator being paid for its inventions and brands, or more of an IP user paying to license someone else's (IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank). | $1.7B | 2025 | IMF Balance of Payments via World Bank |
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| Secure internet serversThe number of servers using encrypted connections (SSL/TLS certificates), per 1 million people — a proxy for how much of a country's online commerce and services run on secure, modern infrastructure. Distinct from the internet-usage and broadband figures elsewhere on this page, which measure who is online, not how secure the infrastructure they connect to is (Netcraft Secure Server Survey via World Bank). | 482.8 | 2024 | Netcraft Secure Server Survey via World Bank |
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| Fixed telephone linesFixed (landline) telephone subscriptions per 100 people. Unlike the mobile subscriptions figure elsewhere on this page, this number has been falling almost everywhere for two decades as households switch to mobile-only — many lower-income countries never built out extensive landline networks at all and went straight to mobile, so a low number here can mean either decline from a past peak or a network that was largely skipped (ITU via World Bank). | 19.7 | 2024 | ITU via World Bank |
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| Air freight carriedAir cargo carried by airlines registered in a country, domestic and international flights combined, in million tonne-kilometers per year — the freight companion to the air-passengers figure above. Like that figure, a raw count: larger economies and logistics hubs naturally show bigger numbers regardless of the underlying trade intensity per person (ICAO via World Bank). | 1,036.8 | 2023 | ICAO via World Bank |
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| Internet use, womenShare of the female population that used the internet at least once in the last three months. Paired with the male figure below to show whether a country's online population skews toward one sex — the page's first sex-split cut of the overall online-population figure elsewhere on this page (ITU via World Bank). | 100.0% | 2024 | ITU via World Bank |
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| Internet use, menShare of the male population that used the internet at least once in the last three months — the counterpart to the female figure above. Where the two diverge, it typically reflects broader gaps in education, income or device access between men and women in that country (ITU via World Bank). | 100.0% | 2024 | ITU via World Bank |
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| Scientific & technical articlesScience-and-engineering publications counted per year — a selection of conference proceedings alongside peer-reviewed journal articles, indexed in Scopus and classified under the US National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics' Taxonomy of Disciplines, a broader and more current field list than 'journal articles in physics, biology, chemistry, math, engineering, tech and earth/space sciences' alone. The actual research-output dimension, distinct from the R&D-spending and researchers-in-R&D figures elsewhere on this page, which measure the money and people going into research rather than what comes out of it — a country can spend heavily on R&D without a proportional publication output, or the reverse (NSF Science & Engineering Indicators via World Bank). | 24.6K | 2023 | NSF Science & Engineering Indicators via World Bank |
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| Employment in industryShare of total employment working in mining, manufacturing, construction and utilities. Together with the employment-in-agriculture and employment-in-services figures on this page, one of the three legs of an economy's workforce — each is its own independently reported series, so the three only sum to roughly 100% once all three are known, rather than being derived from one another (ILO via World Bank). | 23.1% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| Employment in servicesShare of total employment working in services — trade, finance, education, healthcare, hospitality and the like. The third leg of the sectoral employment split alongside the employment-in-agriculture and employment-in-industry figures on this page, and typically the sector that grows as workers move off farms and out of factories as an economy develops (ILO via World Bank). | 74.4% | 2025 | ILO via World Bank |
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| WHO Global Health Estimates via Our World in Data |
| Clean water accessShare of the population using a drinking-water source that is accessible on premises, available when needed, and free of contamination — the WHO/UNICEF "basic" service tier. | 99.0% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF JMP via World Bank |
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| Sanitation accessShare of the population using improved sanitation facilities (flush toilets, pit latrines with a slab, etc.) that are not shared with other households — the WHO/UNICEF "basic" service tier. | 97.6% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF JMP via World Bank |
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| Protected ocean areaShare of a country's territorial waters formally protected by law or other effective means (Protected Planet / WDPA). | 3.5% | 2025 | UNEP-WCMC & IUCN (Protected Planet) via World Bank |
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| Biodiversity hotspots protectedThe average share of a country's Key Biodiversity Areas — sites formally identified by conservation scientists as critical to a species' survival — that fall inside a legally protected area. A targeting measure, not a quantity one: distinct from the protected-land share elsewhere on this page, which counts all protected land regardless of whether it overlaps the specific places biodiversity most depends on. A country could protect a lot of land in general while still leaving its most critical biodiversity sites unprotected, or the reverse (BirdLife International, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, SDG indicator 15.1.2, via Our World in Data). | 34.3% | 2024 | BirdLife International, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC (SDG 15.1.2) via Our World in Data |
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| Water stressThe share of a country's available renewable freshwater that is withdrawn each year for agriculture, industry and households. Above 100% means withdrawals exceed what naturally renews — unsustainable use, often propped up by groundwater depletion or desalination. | 974.2% | 2022 | FAO AQUASTAT via World Bank |
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| Nuclear powerShare of a country's electricity generated by nuclear power plants. Many countries show 0% simply because they have never built a nuclear plant, not because production stopped (Ember; Energy Institute). | 0.0% | 2024 | Ember & Energy Institute via Our World in Data |
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| Forest changeThe net change in forest area in the latest year — new forest gained through planting or natural regrowth, minus forest lost to clearing, fire or disease — in hectares. A raw count: larger countries naturally show bigger absolute swings even at a similar underlying rate (FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment). | 1.5K | 2025 | FAO via Our World in Data |
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| Fossil-fuel electricityShare of a country's electricity generated by burning coal, oil or gas. The complement of the renewable and nuclear shares elsewhere on this page — the three roughly add to 100% (Ember; Energy Institute). | 97.8% | 2024 | Ember & Energy Institute via Our World in Data |
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| Freshwater resources per personThe volume of renewable freshwater — from rainfall, rivers and aquifers that recharge naturally — available per person per year, in cubic meters. This is the resource stock a country has to work with; the water stress metric above measures how much of it actually gets withdrawn each year (FAO AQUASTAT). | 74.6 | 2022 | FAO AQUASTAT via World Bank |
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| Electricity use per personElectricity consumed per person per year, in kilowatt-hours. A narrower cut of the total primary-energy-use figure above — this counts only the share of energy that reaches people as electricity, rather than all forms of energy (heating fuel, transport fuel, and so on) combined (IEA via World Bank). | 11.9K | 2023 | IEA via World Bank |
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| Total CO₂ emissionsThe total tonnes of fossil-fuel and industrial CO₂ a country emits in a year. Unlike the per-person figure above, this isn't divided by population, so large, industrialized or populous countries naturally show bigger totals even at a modest per-person footprint (Global Carbon Budget). | 692.1M | 2024 | Global Carbon Budget via Our World in Data |
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| Greenhouse gas emissions per personPer-person emissions of all greenhouse gases — not just CO₂, but methane and nitrous oxide too, plus land-use change — converted to tonnes of CO₂-equivalent. Broader than the CO₂-only figures on this page: countries with large livestock herds or land-clearing can rank differently here than on CO₂ alone (Jones et al., National Contributions to Climate Change, via Our World in Data). | 24.2 | 2024 | Jones et al. (National Contributions to Climate Change) via Our World in Data |
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| Air pollution deathsDeaths per 100,000 people attributed to the combined effects of indoor (household) and outdoor (ambient) air pollution, age-standardized for cross-country comparison. Where the PM2.5 figure above measures exposure, this measures the estimated health toll of that exposure (WHO Global Health Observatory). | 91.1 | 2019 | WHO Global Health Observatory via World Bank |
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| Total greenhouse gas emissionsThe total tonnes of all greenhouse gases — not just CO₂ but methane and nitrous oxide too, plus land-use change — a country emits in a year, in CO₂-equivalent terms. The all-gas counterpart to the CO₂-only total above, and not divided by population like the per-person figure elsewhere on this page (Jones et al., National Contributions to Climate Change, via Our World in Data). | 821.8M | 2024 | Jones et al. (National Contributions to Climate Change) via Our World in Data |
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| Solar powerShare of a country's electricity generated by solar power specifically — one technology slice of the broader renewable-electricity share elsewhere on this page, which also includes wind, hydropower, geothermal and biomass. Many countries still show 0% simply because solar capacity hasn't been built yet, not because the sun doesn't shine there (Ember; Energy Institute). | 1.8% | 2024 | Ember & Energy Institute via Our World in Data |
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| Wind powerShare of a country's electricity generated by wind power specifically — another technology slice of the renewable-electricity share elsewhere on this page, typically largest in countries with strong coastal or plains wind resources (Ember; Energy Institute). | 0.3% | 2024 | Ember & Energy Institute via Our World in Data |
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| HydropowerShare of a country's electricity generated by hydropower — historically the largest renewable source worldwide. Unlike solar and wind, which are growing fast almost everywhere, hydro capacity is mostly fixed by geography (rivers, dams built decades ago), so this number moves far more slowly (Ember; Energy Institute). | 0.0% | 1999 | Ember & Energy Institute via Our World in Data |
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| Safely managed sanitationShare of the population using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households, where excreta are safely disposed of on site or transported and treated off site — the WHO/UNICEF JMP's highest service tier, a stricter cut of the basic sanitation access figure above (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme). | 83.9% | 2024 | WHO/UNICEF JMP via World Bank |
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| Energy import dependencyNet energy imports (imports minus exports, in tons of oil equivalent) as a share of a country's total energy use. A positive number means a country relies on imports to cover part of its energy needs; a negative number means it exports more energy than it uses domestically — major oil and gas producers can show large negative values (IEA Energy Statistics via World Bank). | -178.2% | 2022 | IEA via World Bank |
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| Urban slum populationShare of a country's urban population living in households lacking one or more of: durable housing, sufficient living space, access to clean water, access to sanitation, or secure tenure — UN-Habitat's definition of a slum household. The first housing-conditions metric on this page — a companion to the water, sanitation and electricity access figures elsewhere, which measure access to services nationally rather than housing quality specifically in cities (UN-Habitat via World Bank). | 0.6% | 2022 | UN-Habitat via World Bank |
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| Power grid lossesElectricity lost between generation and the meter, as a share of total electricity output — both technical losses (dissipated as heat in transmission and distribution wiring and transformers) and non-technical losses — the source definition includes pilferage (theft); unbilled or unmetered use commonly travels with it. An infrastructure-quality AND grid-governance proxy — a high figure can reflect an aging, poorly maintained network, weak metering and billing enforcement, or both at once — distinct from every other energy metric on this page, which measure who has access to power, what it's generated from, or how much gets consumed, rather than how much of what's generated actually reaches (and gets paid for by) anyone (IEA via World Bank). | 9.1% | 2023 | IEA via World Bank |
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| Cereal yieldWheat, rice, maize and other cereals harvested per hectare of harvested land, in kilograms. A productivity measure, distinct from the agricultural-land-share figure elsewhere on this page (how much land is farmed) and the agriculture-share-of-GDP figure (farming's weight in the economy) — a country can farm a lot of land yet yield little from it, or farm comparatively little land and yield heavily (FAO via World Bank). | 5,121.7 | 2023 | FAO via World Bank |
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| Agricultural water useAgriculture's share of all freshwater withdrawn in a year, out of total withdrawals across agriculture, industry and households. A sectoral-use companion to the water-stress figure above (how much of the available resource gets used overall) and the freshwater-per-capita figure (the resource stock itself) — this shows specifically how much of that withdrawal goes to irrigation rather than industry or household use (FAO AQUASTAT via World Bank). | 81.6% | 2022 | FAO AQUASTAT via World Bank |
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| Electricity access, ruralShare of the rural population with an electricity connection — one half of a rural/urban split of the overall electricity-access figure elsewhere on this page. A national headline rate can hide a large gap between a well-electrified capital and a still-unconnected countryside (World Bank / IEA (SDG 7.1.1)). | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank / IEA (SDG 7.1.1) |
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| Electricity access, urbanShare of the urban population with an electricity connection — the urban half of the same rural/urban split, almost always the higher of the two; the size of the gap to the rural figure above says more about a country's electrification progress than either number alone (World Bank / IEA (SDG 7.1.1)). | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank / IEA (SDG 7.1.1) |
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